Arquitectura de Computadores (ARQ)

• Clasificación de Flynn
• Computadores Matriciales y Vectoriales
• Sistemas Multiprocesadores
• Grado de Paralelismo




Familias de Supercomputadores (SUP)

• IBM
• SGI
• CRAY
• FUJITSU
• COMPAQ
• SUN
• HP




Centros de Supercomputación (CEN)

• Objetivos
• Equipamiento

Se establece en función de los flujos de Instrucciones y Datos



• SISD: Simple flujo de Instrucciones, Simple flujo de Datos
• SIMD: Simple flujo de Instrucciones, Múltiple flujo de Datos
• MISD: Múltiple flujo de Instrucciones, Simple flujo de Datos
• MIMD: Múltiple flujo de Instrucciones, Múltiple flujo de Datos

Computadores Paralelos de Memoria Distribuida

Nodos SMP (memoria compartida)

Node type	375 MHz POWER3 SMP Thin Node	375 MHz POWER3 SMP Wide Node	POWER3 SMP High Node
Processor	375 MHz 2, 4-way POWER3-II	375 MHz 2, 4-way POWER3-II	222 MHz 2, 4, 6, 8-way POWER3
L1 cache	64KB data(a)/32 KB instruction(a)	64KB data(a)/32KB instruction(a)	64KB data(a)/32KB instruction(a)
L2 cache	8MB(a)	8MB(a)	8MB(a)
RAM memory	256MB	256MB	1GB
Mem. bus width	128-bit	128-bit	1280-bit
Internal storage	None Required(b,c)	None Required(b,c)	None Required(b,c)
Disk/media bays	Two	Four	Two/Twenty-six(h)
PCI Expansion slots	Two	Ten	Five (f)/Fifty-three(h)
Nodes per frame
tall/short	Sixteen/eight	Eight/four	Four/N/A
Bus speeds
for I/O adapters	132MB/second	132 and 264MB/second (triple bus)	264MB/second
for Switch adapter	480MB/second	480MB/second	400MB/second
Adapters	Integrated Ultra2 SCSI and Ethernet (10/100 Mbps)	Integrated Ultra2 SCSI and Ethernet (10/100 Mbps)	Integrated Ultra2 SCSI and Ethernet (10/100 Mbps)
System expansion
Maximum RAM	8GB	8GB	16GB
Maximum internal storage	36.4GB(C)	109.2GB (C)	36.4(C)/946.2GB(h)
SP expansion I/O units	N/A	N/A	Zero through Six
SP Switch and adapter	300MB/second	300MB/second	300MB/second

Node type	332 MHz SMP Thin Node	332 MHz SMP Wide Node
Processor	332 MHz 2, 4-way PowerPC 604e	332 MHz 2, 4-way PowerPC 604e
L1 cache	32KB data(a)/32KB instr(a)	32KB data(a)/32KB instr(a).
L2 cache	256KB(a)	256KB(a)
RAM memory	256MB	256MB
Mem. bus width	128-bit	128-bit
Internal storage	None required (b,c)	None required (b,c)
Disk/media bays	Two	Four
PCI Expansion slots	Two	Ten
Nodes per frame
tall/short	Sixteen/eight	Eight/four
Bus speeds
for I/O adapters	132MB/second	132 and 264MB/second (triple bus)
for Switch adapter	400MB/second	400MB/second
Adapters	Integrated SCSI-2 F/W; Ethernet (10 Mbps)	Integrated SCSI-2 F/W and Ethernet (10 Mbps)
System expansion
Maximum RAM	3GB	3GB
Maximum internal storage	36.4GB(C)	72.8GB(C)
SP expansion I/O units	N/A	N/A
SP Switch and adapter	300MB/second	300MB/second

RS/6000 SP Comparison Chart

Machine type

9076

9076

9076

9076

9076

Node Type

332 MHz

332 MHz

375 MHz POWER3 SMP

375 MHz POWER3 SMP

POWER3 SMP

Packaging

Thin

Wide

Thin

Wide

High

Microprocessor

Type

PowerPC 604e

PowerPC 604e

POWER3-II

POWER3-II

POWER3

Processors per node

2/4

2/4

2/4

2/4

2/4/6/8

Clock rates

332 MHz

332 MHz

375 MHz

375 MHz

222 MHz

Memory

System(min/max)

256MB/3GB*

256MB/3GB*

256MB/8GB*

256MB/8GB*

1GB/16GB*

L2 Cache

256KB**

256KB**

8MB**

8MB**

4MB**

PCI I/O Capacity

Slots available(base node)

2 PCI (32-bit)

10 PCI(7 32-bit/3 64-bit)

2 PCI (32-bit)

10 PCI (2 32-bit/8 64-bit)

5 PCI(1 32-bit/4 64-bit)

Slots available(per SP Expansion I/O)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

8 PCI (64-bit)

Slots available(base node and six SP Expansion I/O Units)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

53 PCI (1 32-bit/52 64-bit)

Internal Disk Capacity

min/max(base node)

0/36.4GB

0/72.8GB

0/36.4GB

0/109.2GB

0/36.4GB

min/max (base node and six SP Expansion I/O Units)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0/946.4GB

Benchmarks

SPECint_base_rate95

245/485

245/485

407/812

407/812

229/450/661/908

SPECfp_base_rate95

206/364

206/364

804/1359

804/1359

461/910/1329/1760

Relative ROLTP Performance

17.9/32.8

17.9/32.8

44.0/80.0

44.0/80.0

23/43.3/64.0/81.3

*-shared memory
**-per processor

Servidores Paralelos de Memoria Compartida

Arquitectura ccNUMA

Computadores Vectoriales Paralelos (memoria compartida)

Computadores Paralelos de Memoria Distribuida

	Cray T3E-1200E
No. of CPUs air-cooled liquid-cooled	6 ­ 128 32­2048
Processor MHz	600
Peak performance	More than 2.4TFLOPS
Memory Size per Processor	256MB­2GB
Interconnect Topology	3D bidirectional Torus
Max. Bisection Bandwidth	122GB/sec
Max. No. of GIGARING Channels	128
Peak I/O Bandwidth	128GB/sec

Computadores Vectoriales Paralelos (memoria compartida)

	Cray SV1-1A	Cray SV1-1	Cray SV1-4	Cray SV1-8	Cray SV1-32
Number of SMP Nodes	1	1	4	8	32
Peak Performance	9.6-19 GFLOPS	9.6-38 GFLOPS	38-154 GFLOPS	77-308 GFLOPS	308-1229 GFLOPS
Memory Size	2 ­ 16GB	4­32GB	16­128GB	32­256GB	128­1024GB
Number of CPUs: 4.8 GFLOPS CPUs plus 1.2 GFLOPS CPUs or if all 1 GFLOPS	Up to 3 4+ 9.6-19	Up to 6 8+ 9.6-38	Up to 24 32+ 38-154	Up to 48 64+ 77-3086	Up to 192 256+ 308-1229
CPU Clock (Mhz)	300	300	300	300	300
Memory Technology	DRAM	DRAM	DRAM	DRAM	DRAM
Cooling Options	Air	Air	Air	Air	Air or Water Assisted

Servidores Paralelos de Memoria Compartida

Arquitectura ccNUMA

Computadores Vectoriales Paralelos (memoria distribuida)

Servidores Paralelos (memoria compartida)

Clusters de Servidores (memoria distribuida)

Specifications

Form Factor	Standard RETMA Racks, H9A15-MD, 230/240V
Processor/ES40	Choice of 1 to 4 667 MHz Alpha 21264a processors; each with 64 KB I-cache, 64 KB D-cache on chip, and 8 MB per processor of Level 2 cache
Memory/ES40	Choice of 1 – 16 GB, ECC, 4-way interleaved industry-standard DIMM memory, expandable to 8 GB
ES40 Architecture	Advanced dual 256-bit wide memory data paths and crossbar switch technology providing 5.2 GB/sec peak memory bandwidth; dual 64-bit PCI busses providing over 500 MB/sec peak I/O throughput
Performance	For the latest performance numbers visit www.compaq.com/hpc
ES40 PCI	10 64-bit PCI slots; 2-4 available with initial configurations
Storage Controllers	Integrated single-channel Ultra2-SCSI, Ultra SCSI RAID, HiPPI, and Fibre Channel
Network Controllers	Includes dual 10/100 Fast Ethernet, and asynch. Communications, optional Gigabit Ethernet and ATM configurations
Drive Bays	Includes 1 internal hot-swap StorageWorks Ultra2 SCSI drive bay in each ES40, with 2 18.2 GB 1.6" drives included. Four removable media bays: one 3.5" bay for diskette drive; one 5.25" for CD-ROM; and two open half-height 5.25" bays for tape or hard disk drives
Power Supply	Includes three hot-swap 750-watt (N+1) power supplies per ES40.
Cooling	Air, Six hot-swap redundant variable speed fans per ES40
High Availability	Hot-swap redundant power and cooling, auto reboot, thermal management software, remote system management, RAID, hot-swap drives, memory fail over, ECC memory, ECC cache, SMP CPU fail over, error logging, optional Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), and UPS Power Management Software
Service and Support	Compaq provides a 3-year on-site, 5 day x 9-hour warranty with next day response. Optional service options for up to 4-hour same-day response time are available, as well as a complete portfolio of worldwide service offerings to maximize your critical system environment.
Operating System	Tru64 UNIX 5.0 with Java.
Required Software	AlphaServer SC System Software is required with all AlphaServer SC Series systems. Also highly recommended is AlphaServer SC Development Software which includes FORTRAN, C++, and Developers Toolkit for each node. For the Development Software, all nodes must be licensed if ordered.
SC Interconnect	DMA driven; get and put ; Bandwidth 200 MB/sec/rail bi-directional.
SC Interconnect Switch	8-way x-bar chips; 16 or 128 port packages; up to 20 m cables; 0.035 usec switch Latency; 3 usec DMA/Shmem and 5.7 usec MPI Latency
Single System Management	AlphaServer SC System Software supports system wide gang scheduling, resource management and performance monitoring. Parallel File System, and Cluster File System software enable the management of up to four 32-node CFS domains.
Value-added Implementation Services (VIS)	AlphaServer SC standard package includes Staging and Integration of the AlphaServer SC System, storage devices, QSW interconnect switch and other peripheral devices, software load of Tru64 UNIX operating systems and associated layered products. Optional services include custom site planning, custom freight arrangements, VIS engineering team travel and installation of AlphaServer SC, and tailored Customer Configuration Documentation.
Support and Training	90 days of Consultant-level onsite support is included to help address the planning and introduction of the AlphaServer SC into your environment. A full range of Training Courses is available at additional charge
Installation	Installation is included with each of the System Building Blocks and is available for quotation on additional and optional equipment

Servidores Paralelos de Memoria Compartida

Servidores Paralelos de Memoria Compartida

Arquitectura ccNUMA

	V2250	V2500 (SMP)	V2600 (SMP)	V2500/ V2600 (SCA)
System Processing Unit
Central processor	64-bit PA-RISC PA-8200	64-bit PA-RISC PA-8500	64-bit PA-RISC PA-8600	64-bit PA-RISC PA-8600
Clock frequency	240 MHz	440 MHz	552 MHz	440 or 552 MHz
Number of processors	1–16	2–32	2–32	16–128
Cache size (per processor)	Direct map 2-MB L2 Data Cache 2-MB L2 Instruction Cache	Four-way set-associative 1-MB L1 Data Cache (on-chip) 0.5-MB L1 Instruction Cache (on-chip)	Four-way set-associative 1-MB L1 Data Cache (on-chip) 0.5-MB L1 Instruction Cache (on-chip)	Four-way set-associative 1-MB L1 Data Cache (on-chip) 0.5-MB L1 Instruction Cache (on-chip)
Operating environment	HP-UX 11	HP-UX 11	HP-UX 11	HP-UX 11

	V2250	V2500 (1 Cabinet)	V2500 (4 Cabinets) SCA configuration	V2600
HyperPlane Crossbar, Memory Subsystem (SMP, SCA)
Memory Architecture	Crossbar-based symmetric multiprocessor (SMP)	Crossbar-based symmetric multiprocessor (SMP)	Crossbar-based symmetric multiprocessor (local cabinet) Cache-coherent, non-uniform memory access (remote cabinet)	Crossbar-based symmetric multiprocessor (SMP)
Type	8x8 non-blocking multiported crossbar	8x8 non-blocking multiported crossbar	8x8 non-blocking multiported crossbar (local cabinet) 8-way interleaved, split-transaction SCA HyperLinks (remote cabinet)	8x8 non-blocking multiported crossbar
Bandwidth (max.)	15.36 GB/s	15.36 GB/s	61.44 GB/s	15.36 GB/s
Memory Capacity	1 GB to 16 GB ECC protected	1 GB to 32 GB ECC protected	4-GB to 128-GB ECC protected	1 GB to 32 GB ECC protected
Memory Interleaving	Up to 32-way	Up to 256-way	256-way per cabinet	Up to 256-way
I/O Subsystem
Number of channels	8 x PCI 32-bit	8 x PCI 64-bit	32 x PCI 64-bit	8 x PCI 64-bit
Channel bandwidth	240 MB/s (bidirectional)	240 MB/s (bidirectional)	240 MB/s (bidirectional)	240 MB/s (bidirectional)
Peak Aggregate I/O Channel Bandwidth	1.9 GB/s	1.9 GB/s	7.6 GB/s	1.9 GB/s
Number of PCI I/O cards	1 to 24	1 to 28	4 to 112	1 to 28
Controllers Supported	FWD SCSI-2, ATM, Fibre Channel, Token Ring, 10/100Base-T, 1000Base-SX, FDDI, HyperFabric, X.25	FWD SCSI-2, Ultra2 SCSI, ATM, Fibre Channel, Token Ring, 10/100Base-T, 100 Base-Fx, 1000 BaseSX GB , FDDI, HyperFabric, X.25	FWD SCSI-2, Ultra2 SCSI, ATM, Fibre Channel, Token Ring, 10/100Base-T, 100 Base-Fx, 1000 BaseSX GB , FDDI, HyperFabric, X.25	FWD SCSI-2, Ultra2 SCSI, ATM, Fibre Channel, Token Ring, 10/100Base-T, 100 Base-Fx, 1000 BaseSX GB , FDDI, HyperFabric, X.25
User Accessible Meida Drives	650-MB 12X CD-ROM drive 12-GB DDS-3 DAT drive	DVD drive 12-GB DDS-3 DAT drive	DVD drive 12-GB DDS-3 DAT drive	DVD drive 12-GB DDS-3 DAT drive
Internal Storage (not supported for HA configurations)
Number of Drives	16	16	64	16
Capacity (max)	288 GB	288 GB	1.1 TB	288 GB
External Storage	Supported in 19" RETMA standard Rack Up to 40 TB of Fibre Channel information storage	Supported in 19" RETMA standard Rack Up to 50 TB of Fibre Channel information storage	Supported in 19" RETMA standard Rack Up to 200 TB of Fibre Channel Information storage	Supported in 19" RETMA standard Rack Up to 50 TB of Fibre Channel information storage
Physical Specifications
Cabinet Dimensions	39" (99.06 cm) + 31.5"(80.01) + 37" (93.98 cm) per cabinet	39" (99.06 cm) + 31.5"(80.01) + 37" (93.98 cm) per cabinet	39" (99.06 cm) + 31.5"(80.01) + 37" (93.98 cm) per cabinet	39" (99.06 cm) + 31.5"(80.01) + 37" (93.98 cm) per cabinet
Maximum Cabinet Weight	490 lb. (222.73 kg)	490 lb. (222.73 kg)	490 lb. (222.73 kg)	490 lb. (222.73 kg)
Environmental Specifications
Operating Temperature	20 to 30° C	20 to 30° C	20 to 30° C	20 to 30° C
Humidity	40 to 60%	40 to 60%	40 to 60%	40 to 60%
Thermal dissipation	5500 W (4351 Kcal/Hour) maximum	7500 W (5934 Kcal/Hour) maximum	7500 W (5934 Kcal/Hour) maximum	7500 W (5934 Kcal/Hour) maximum
Power Requirements	208/220 VAC single-phase (U.S.) 200VAC single-phase (Far East) 230 VAC single-phase (Europe)	208/220 VAC single-phase (U.S.) 200VAC single-phase (Far East) 230 VAC single-phase (Europe)	208/220 VAC single-phase (U.S.) 200VAC single-phase (Far East) 230 VAC single-phase (Europe)	208/220 VAC single-phase (U.S.) 200VAC single-phase (Far East) 230 VAC single-phase (Europe)

Objetivos

• Soporte de Equipos de Investigación
• Asesoramiento sobre Cálculo Científico
• Servicio Público (INM, MEH, etc.)




Equipamiento

• CEPBA (Centro Europeo de Paralelismo de Barcelona)
• CESGA (Centro de Supercomputación de Galicia)
• CESCA (Centro de Supercomputación de Cataluña)
• INM (Instituto Nacional de Meteorología)

Home Page General Info Projects Tools HPC Facilities Reports User Support Contact Us Mail Us	HPC Facilities The following machines installed at CEPBA are offered in conjunction with those of CESCA under a common service policy managed by the C. SGI Origin 2000 Server from Silicon Graphics, with 64 MIPS R10000 processors (each one with 4 MB of cache), and 8 Gb of main memory. Its theoretical peak performance is 32 Gflop/s. DEC Alpha Server 8400 from Digital Equipment Corporation, with 12 Alpha 21264 processors running at 525 MHz, and 2 Gigabyte of main memory. Its theoretical peak performance 12.5 Gflop/s. Parsytec CCi from Parsytec GmbH, with 16 Pentium II processors running at 266 MHz on 8 dual processors mainboard with 128 Mb of main memory each one (total: 1Gb). The machine works internally with 3 communication technologies: Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps), High Speed Link (300 Mbps) and MyriNet (1.28 Gbps for Myrinet-SAM switch and 800 Mbps for each HIPPI Myrinet adapter). Its theoretical peak performance 4.256 Gflop/s. Convex C3480 from CONVEX Computer Corporation, with 8 vector processors and 1 Gigabyte of main memory. Its theoretical peak performance is 400 Mflop/s for double precision operations and 800 Mflop/s for single precision. CM-200 from Thinking Machines, with 2K processors and 256 Megabytes of memory. Its theoretical peak performance is 640 Mflop/s for double precision operations and 1.28 Gflop/s for single precision. Supernode SN-1000 from Parsys, with 32 transputers T-800, each one with 4 Megabytes of memory. Its theoretical peak performance is 64 Mflop/s. Home · General Info · Projects  · Tools  · Reports · User Support · Contact Us Last Update: 2nd Dec 1999

	Centro de Supercomputación de Galicia
	Introducción Vectoriais Paralelos Fujitsu VPP300 Fujitsu AP3000 Sun HPC4500 Acceso Manuais Programas Colas Batch
	Cálculo Intensivo Cálculo Intensivo O equipo principal do CESGA está constituído por un Superordenador Vectorial Fujitsu VPP300E con 6 procesadores, un Superordenador Escalar-Paralelo Masivo Fujitsu AP3000 con 20 procesadores e un servidor escalar SUN HPC4500 con 12 procesadores e memoria compartida. ODENADOR PROCESADOR CPU´S MEMORIA POTENCIA PICO FUJITSU VPP300 VECTORIAL 6 12 GB 14,4 GFLOPS FUJITSU AP3000 ESCALAR 20 2,5 GB 12 GFLOPS Sun HPC 4500 ESCALAR 12 4 GB 9.6 GFLOPS Estes equipos foron cofinanciados pola Xunta de Galicia, CSIC, CICYT e FEDER.   EVOLUCIÓN DE GFLOPS INSTALADOS   Páxina principal sistemas@cesga.es

---

El hardware

El CESCA dispone de tres computadores de altas prestaciones:

IBM SP2: 12 + 32 procesadores (42 thin160 y 2 wide), 12 GB de memoria principal, 494 GB en disco y un rendimiento punta de 27,41 Gflop/s.

Hewlett-Packard Exemplar V2500: 16 procesadores PA8500 (440 MHz), 8 GB de memoria principal, 216 GB en disco y un rendimiento punta de 28,16 Gflop/s.

Hewlett-Packard N4000: 8 procesadores PA8500 (también a 440 MHz), 4 GB de memoria principal, 227 GB en disco y un rendimiento punta de 14,08 Gflop/s.

Todas las máquinas tienen procesadores superescalares pero se diferencian en el acceso a memoria: el SP2 tiene una memoria distribuida, mientras que las otras dos son de memoria compartida.

La interconexión procesadores-memoria del V2500 es mediante un crossbar de 8x8 de 15,3 GB/s y la de la N4000 son dos buses con una velocidad agregable total de 3,8 GB/s. Esta interconexión proporciona una latencia a memoria mucho más rápida que la V2500 (130 ns versus 550 ns).

El rendimiento máximo para resolver un sistema de ecuaciones lineal (R_max) es, respectivamente, de 16,17, 17,47 y 10,22 Gflop/s.

Gracias al convenio de creación del Centre de Computació i Comunicacions de Catalunya el hardware del CEPBA también está disponible a nuestros usuarios: la Origin2000, la Alphaserver 8400 y el Parsytec CCi.

Glosario

El rendimiento de los supercomputadores se mide en Gflop/s: 1 Gflop/s indica que el procesador realiza $10$⁹ operaciones aritméticas (tipo sumas o multiplicaciones) de números reales, codificados en formato de coma flotante de 64 bits, por segundo.

Una visión histórica del hardware disponible

---

© CESCA, MH/220496/041199

---

Diapositiva 25 19-23 de Junio de 2000

CEN: INM

---

Proceso de Datos Técnicos en el INM

---

LINEAS DE PROCESO:

Captura de información

Sistema de conmutación de mensajes: concentra y distribuye diversos tipos de información.

Sistemas de Teledetección: Satélites Meteorológicos, Red de radares y Red de Detección de descargas.

Red y concentradores de estaciones automáticas.

Intercambio con otros centros meteorológicos

Captura y concentración de información climatológica.

Proceso de la información

        Generación de productos o informaciones nuevas. Parte principal de los procesos son los modelos numéricos, de predicción o climáticos. Existen otros procesos que generan productos para su posterior explotación.

        El modelo numérico de predicción actualmente operativo es el HIRLAM, del que se pasan dos versiones con resolución de 0.2 y 0.5 grados en latitud-longitud y 31 niveles en la vertical. El primero se integra para predicciones hasta 24 horas y el segundo hasta 48.

        Del Centro Europeo de Predicción a Plazo Medio se reciben y postprocesan una vez al día campos referidos a predicciones hasta 10 días.

EQUIPAMIENTO:

    Para los procesos involucrados en las diferentes actividades se dispone del siguiente equipamiento, que contabiliza la totalidad de recursos informáticos del INM:

1 ORDENADOR CRAY C-94

140 MINIORDENADORES (90 % UNIX)

275 ESTACIONES DE TRABAJO

36 TERMINALES-X

550 ORDENADORES PERSONALES

---

© INM.

---

Diapositiva 26 19-23 de Junio de 2000